ABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) co-infected with other common respiratory pathogens among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Shanghai City, and to provide a reference for scientific prevention and control of COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases.Methods:Descriptive epidemiological approaches were used to analyze the data of COVID-19 reported cases in Shanghai City from January 2020 to February 2021 in the information system of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control. Clinical data of the participants were collected, and their SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid-positive respiratory specimens were collected at the time of illness onset or admission. Multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the 22 respiratory pathogens. Independent-samples t test was used for statistical analysis. Results:Of the 272 patients with COVID-19, 15(5.5%) had co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory pathogens, all of which were double infection. There were three cases infected with enterovirus/rhinovirus, two of each with adenovirus, human metapneumovirus and coronavirus NL63/HKU1, and one of each with coronavirus 229E, influenza A virus H1N1, parainfluenza virus 1 and respiratory syncytial virus B. Two cases infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Among the 272 COVID-19 patients, 212(77.9%) had fever, 117(43.0%) had cough, 46(16.9%) had fatigue, and 35(12.9%) had sore throat. The white blood cell count of co-infection cases was higher than that of non-co-infection cases ((6.8±1.7)×10 9/L vs (5.3±1.6)×10 9/L), and the difference was statistically significant ( t=3.09, P=0.008). Conclusions:There is a certain proportion of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory pathogens among the COVID-19 cases in Shanghai City, mainly viral pathogens, especially enterovirus/rhinovirus. A rational combination of drugs was recommended to improve the cure rate. Surveillance of acute respiratory infection should be further strengthened as well.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate clinical and epidemiological features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in kidney transplant recipients. Methods Clinical data of 68 kidney transplant recipients admitted from July, 2021 to December, 2021 were collected. All patients were divided into the PJP group (n=11), common pulmonary infection group (n=24) and non-pneumonia group (n=33) according to the status of pulmonary infection. The incidence and treatment of PJP after kidney transplantation were analyzed. Basic characteristics and laboratory parameters of the recipients were compared among all groups. The genotyping and transmission map of PJP patients were evaluated. Results Among 64 kidney transplant recipients, 11 cases were definitely diagnosed with PJP. The most common clinical manifestations included elevated body temperature, and dry cough complicated with progressive dyspnea. Chest CT scan showed diffuse interstitial inflammation and ground glass-like lesions of bilateral lungs in all patients. After diagnosis, all patients were orally given with compound sulfamethoxazole for 3-4 weeks. Two patients received non-invasive ventilator-assisted ventilation due to severe lung infection and dyspnea, and the remaining patients were given with nasal cannula oxygenation. One patient experienced elevated serum creatinine level upon discharge, and developed renal allograft failure. The remaining 10 recipients with PJP obtained normal renal allograft function, and no recipient died. Compared with the non-pneumonia group, the rejection rate was higher, the length of hospital stay was longer, the lymphocyte count was less, the lymphocyte proportion was lower, the levels of C-reactive protein, serum creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase were higher, and the levels of serum albumin was lower and CD4+T cell count was less in the PJP group (all P < 0.05). Compared with common pulmonary infection group, the lymphocyte count was less, the lymphocyte proportion was lower, the CD4+T cell count was less and 1, 3-β-D- glucan (BDG) level was higher in the PJP group (all P < 0.05). No new genotype was detected in 10 of the 12 testing samples. It was considered that PJP mainly depended on two transmission chains and two independent transmission individuals. Conclusions Kidney transplant recipients are prone to pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ) infection due to impaired cellular immune function. The most common clinical manifestations consist of elevated body temperature and dry cough complicated with progressive dyspnea, accompanied by headache and fatigue in partial patients. Chest CT scan shows diffuse interstitial inflammation and ground glass-like lesion of bilateral lungs. PJ may be transmitted through respiratory tract. Small-scale PJP might occur in the follow-up outpatient of kidney transplant recipients. Preventive measures should be delivered in a timely manner.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the correlation between internal iliac artery calcification and delayed graft function (DGF) and short-term prognosis of kidney transplant recipients. Methods Clinical data of 222 kidney transplant recipients were retrospectively analyzed. According to the recovery of renal function, all recipients were divided into the DGF group (n=50) and immediate graft function (IGF) group (n=172). According to whether the recipients were complicated with severe internal iliac artery calcification, DGF and IGF groups were further divided into the high-risk DGF (n=22), low-risk DGF (n=28), high-risk IGF (n=41) and low-risk IGF(n=131) subgroups, respectively. Clinical data of donors and recipients were statistically compared between two groups. The incidences of postoperative DGF and internal iliac artery calcification were recorded. The risk factors of DGF after kidney transplantation, and the correlation between internal iliac artery calcification and clinical parameters were analyzed. Short-term prognosis of recipients with DGF complicated with severe internal iliac artery calcification was evaluated. Results The incidence of DGF was 22.5% (50/222). Among all recipients, 28.4% (63/222) were complicated with severe internal iliac artery calcification. In the DGF group, 44% (22/50) of the recipients were complicated with severe internal iliac artery calcification, higher than 23.8% (41/172) in the IGF group (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that high serum creatinine (Scr) level of donors, male donor, high triglyceride level and severe internal iliac artery calcification of recipients were the risk factors for DGF after kidney transplantation (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that Scr≥143 μmol/L of donors and severe internal iliac artery calcification of recipients were the independent risk factors for DGF after kidney transplantation (both P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that internal iliac artery calcification was weakly correlated with the age of recipients and renal artery anastomosis (both P < 0.05). In the DGF group, the Scr level at postoperative 1 month was significantly higher, whereas the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly lower than those in the IGF group (both P < 0.05). The eGFR at postoperative 12 months in the high-risk DGF subgroup was significantly lower than those in the low-risk DGF, high-risk IGF and low-risk IGF subgroups (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Internal iliac artery calcification is not only a risk factor for recovery of renal allograft function, but also negatively affects short-term prognosis of renal allograft function.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of a norovirus GII.17 outbreak in Minhang District of Shanghai in 2018， and provide evidence for prevention and control measures of norovirus infection. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological analysis was performed. In addition， a retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the risk factors. ResultsFrom May 30th to June 1st of 2018， a total of 132 cases （126 clinical cases and 6 confirmed cases） were documented，with an attack rate of 29.20%（132/452）.All cases were children in a kindergarten， with the average age of 5 years and 43.9% being male. The cases were reported in all the classes， with no clustering by class or floor．The epidemic curve was characterized by a point source exposure， which was estimated to be probably between 7 AM on May 30thand 0：30 AM on May 31st. The retrospective cohort study showed that the attack rate significantly differed between the children who had taken and did not take the school lunch （RR=∞） on May 30th，and those who had taken and did not take seafood noodles （RR=4.11， 95%CI：1.09-15.55） （P<0.05）. Among a total of 73 specimens， six specimens collected in child cases and one specimen in an asymptomatic chef tested positive for GII.17 type of norovirus. In addition， one retained food specimen of seafood noodles was positive for Aeromonas hydrophila. Viral shedding in the asymptomatic chef remained over 30 days. ConclusionThe outbreak was caused by seafood noodles contaminated by norovirus. It warrants enhancement in the regulation of food safety in canteens and regular examination of norovirus infection in catering industry employees.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo conduct on-site epidemiological investigation， emergency response， tracing of infection source and analysis of a confirmed COVID-19 case of a foreign airline cargo service staff member in Shanghai’s international airport， aiming to provide reference for prevention of imported COVID-19 cases under regular prevention and control of COVID-19. MethodsA retrospective field epidemiological investigation was conducted to collect information of basic characteristics， illness onset， diagnosis， treatment， clinical manifestations， exposure history and risk factors within 14 days before onset， close contacts， close contacts of close contacts， and key places related to activity trajectories. Respiratory tract specimens of cases and contacts were collected for detection of SARS-CoV-2 by real time RT-PCR （rRT-PCR）. Emergency response， including infection source analysis and contact management， was conducted. ResultsThe case developed pharyngeal itch on July 28， 2021， and fever on the 30th， and went to the hospital for treatment twice on the 31st. Because his specimen was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT-PCR on August 1， he was isolated and treated on August 2 and diagnosed as a confirmed case of COVID-19. The case was a foreign airline cargo service member at an international airport. The two regular nucleic acid screenings of him as a high-risk occupation on July 21 and 28 were negative. He did not leave Shanghai within 14 days before the onset of illness. During July 22nd and 23rd， he was repeatedly exposed during work to the high-risk environment that may have been contaminated by SARS-CoV-2 and had contact with the crew of foreign airlines， and the personal protection was not standardized. None of the 67 close contacts and 567 close contacts of close contacts in Shanghai showed symptoms during the 14-day medical quarantine， and the specimens of them were all negative for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT-PCR. The results of genome sequencing analysis showed that the genomic homology between the virus of the case and the one of recent domestic local epidemic and the recent imported cases was low， and the homology with the overseas Delta mutant strain was higher than that of the domestic Delta mutant strain. ConclusionThe situation of prevention of COVID-19 import is still serious. It is necessary to conduct regular nucleic acid screening for high-risk occupational groups， strengthen the diagnosis and reporting awareness of medical institutions， effectively implement the prevention and control measures for people， objects， and environment at international airports， and further enhance the public's awareness of personal protection.
ABSTRACT
Polydopamine (PDA) is a novel type of polymer synthesized inspired by adhesion proteins in mussels. It has been widely used in tumor-targeting drug delivery systems due to its natural advantages such as good biocompatibility, excellent photothermal conversion performance, adhesion, high chemical reactivity and multiple drug release response mechanisms. This review summarizes the applications of PDA-based tumor-targeting drug delivery in recent years, hoping to provide references for designing a more reasonable and effective PDA-based multifunctional collaborative tumor therapy platform.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the predictive values of serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urine NGAL, serum cystatin C (Cys-C) and serum creatinine (Scr) for early delayed graft function (DGF) in kidney transplant recipients. Methods Clinical data, blood and urine samples of 159 kidney transplant recipients were collected. All recipients were divided into the DGF group (n=42) and immediate graft function (IGF) group (n=117) according to the incidence of DGF. Clinical data of all recipients were analyzed. The changes of serum NGAL, urine NGAL, Cys-C and Scr levels were statistically compared between two groups. The predictive values of different markers for early DGF were assessed. Results Among 159 kidney transplant recipients, DGF occurred in 42 cases with an incidence rate of 26.4%. There were statistically significant differences in donor age, cold ischemia time of donor kidney and complement-dependent cytoxicity (CDC) between the two groups(all P < 0.05). Within postoperative 2 weeks, the serum NGAL levels in the DGF group were higher than those in the IGF group (all P < 0.05). The Cys-C, Scr and urine NGAL levels in the DGF group were higher compared with those in the IGF group within 3 weeks after kidney transplantation(all P < 0.001). Serum NGAL, urine NGAL, Cys-C and Scr levels had certain predictive values for early DGF in kidney transplant recipients. Cys-C yielded the highest predictive value with a cut-off value of 4.73 mg/L, sensitivity of 0.833, specificity of 0.812 and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.895. Conclusions Cys-C has higher predictive value for early DGF in kidney transplant recipients compared with serum NGAL, urine NGAL and Scr.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the epidemiological investigation results and emergency response to a coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） epidemic in Shanghai. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to describe the epidemiological characteristics， such as population， time and spatial distribution of a COVID-19 epidemic on January 20， 2021 in Huangpu District of Shanghai. The advantages and disadvantages of the emergency response to this epidemic were analyzed. Results All of the 22 cases were found by active screening， which included high-risk population screening （18.2%， 4/22）， medium-risk area screening （9.1%， 2/22）， and close contact population screening （72.7%，16/22）. The first 2 cases were detected by routine nucleic acid screening for staff in two hospitals. The confirmed cases appeared mostly during the first 3 days of the epidemic （45.5%，10/22）， and mainly distributed in the neighborhood C of Huangpu district. There were 6 key locations or regions of Huangpu District involved in this epidemic， and different control measures were adopted in these different regions according to the risk assessments. After precise epidemic prevention and control， it took only 14 days from the first to the last confirmed case of this epidemic （from January 21， 2021 to February 4， 2021）， and no new related cases appeared afterwards. Conclusion Active screening and early finding of COVID-19 cases play a key role in timely control of the epidemic， with the smallest cost， the highest efficiency and the most limited urban impact.
ABSTRACT
In order to meet the needs of prevention and control of intestinal infectious diseases， a comprehensive surveillance for diarrheal diseases has been innovated and explored in Shanghai since 2012. The surveillance has extensive distribution of sentinel hospitals， systematic sampling， multi-pathogen collection， and hospital information system （HIS） as the basis， which has achieved “One system for surveillance of multiple diseases and one sample for detection of multiple pathogens". Continual active surveillance for the whole population has been conducted， covering demography， clinical information， epidemiology， pathogen detection， and drug sensitivity test for diarrhea cases. The surveillance has obtained preliminary achievements as follows. First， diarrheal diseases and their periodic changes have been characterized， in which the most prevalent pathogen of diarrhea is determined to be norovirus in Shanghai. Second， some rare pathogens and serotypes have been identified that may provide clues to the sources of outbreaks. Third， it facilitates the information sharing between public health institutions and clinical institutions， and provides scientific evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment. In the future， Shanghai diarrhea comprehensive surveillance will be improved for expanding range and depth of surveillance， artificial intelligence assisted diagnosis and treatment， early warning of outbreaks， prediction of epidemic trends， and application of new detection technologies.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To explore the mechanism of proteasome inhibitor MG132 in improving osteoporosis.@*METHODS@#Total of 32 female SD rats, weighing 220 to 250 g and 8 weeks old, were selected. They were randomly divided into 4 groups(n=8). Rats of group A and group B were cut off ovaris on both sides to make model of osteoporosis, and then they were given proteasome inhibitors MG132 and dimethyl sufoxide (DMSO) respectively. Group C was a sham group and rats were given MG132. Group D was a normal group and rats were given MG132 too. The rats were killed in batches at 6 and 12 weeks after administration, and the femoral neck tissues were obtained. Relevant data were analyzed, such as pathomorphological observation, micro-CT analysis, detection of 20S proteasome activity in tissues, and expression of Wnt and β-catenin.@*RESULTS@#Morphological observation showed that the trabecular were slightly thinner, reticulated, and occasionally interrupted in group A, while the trabecular were obviously thinner and discontinuous in group B. And the trabecular were intact and arranged reticulated in group C and D. The analysis results of bone mineral density(BMD), bone surface(BS), bone volume/total volume(BV/TV) and trabecular thickness(Tb.Th) showed that group B was worse than other groups in all parameters at different time points(P<0.05), and group A was worse than group C and group D in BS(P<0.05), there was no significant difference in all parameters between group C and group D. RFU value of 20S proteasome in group B was significantly higher than that in other groups(P<0.05). According to the results of Western blot, the gray values of Wnt protein and β-catenin protein in group A were significantly higher than those in other groups (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#MG-132, a ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor, can regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by inhibiting the degradation of β-catenin protein, and delaying the occurrence and development of osteoporosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Bone Density , Leupeptins , Osteoporosis/drug therapy , Proteasome Inhibitors/pharmacology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Wnt Signaling Pathway , beta Catenin/metabolismABSTRACT
Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT) is a rare, low-grade neoplasm, which is newly categorized into the neuronal and mixed neuro-glial tumor in 2016. The most characteristic imaging findings are diffuse leptomeningeal thickening and enhancement with multiple minor cysts. This article described a case with DLGNT mimicking meningitis, whose cystic lesions were not obvious, with swollen multiple lobes cortex, gyri form cortical calcification and enhanced meninges. Meningeal irritation sign repeated attacks and the clinical symptoms gradually improved after steroid pulse therapy. The biopsy and immunohistochemistry staining were diagnosed as DLGNT. The imaging features and clinical data of this case were analyzed to improve the understanding of the disease in clinical practice.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effect of subfibular ossicle excision on the clinical efficacy of Brostr?m procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI).Methods:From March 2014 to December 2018, 76 patients were treated by the modified Brostr?m procedure using the suture anchor technique for CLAI at Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital. Of them, 33 had subfibular ossicles (SFO group) and 43 did not (NSFO group). In the SFO group, there were 19 males and 14 females, aged (28.4±8.6) years; in the NSFO group, there were 21 males and 22 females, aged (27.8±7.4) years. Subfibular ossicles were excised in the SFO group. The 2 groups were compared in terms of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores at preoperation and the final follow-up.Results:The 2 groups were comparable due to insignificant differences between them in their preoperative general data ( P>0.05). All the patients were followed up for 24 to 72 months (average, 28 months). The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores improved significantly from 54.5±3.4 to 95.7±2.1 in the SFO group and significantly from 56.2±2.7 to 95.2±2.4 in the NSFO group at the final follow-up; the VAS scores reduced significantly from 5.7±1.8 to 1.6±1.4 in the SFO group and significantly from 5.7±1.6 to 1.7±1.2 in the NSFO group at the final follow-up (all P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of AOFAS or VAS scores at the final follow-up ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Since the modified Brostr?m procedure plus subfibular ossicle excision may result in similar good clinical efficacy as merely the modified Brostr?m procedure may for the CLAI patients without subfibular ossicle, subfibular ossicle excision should be suggested for the CLAI patients with subfibular ossicle.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the changes in the epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever cases in Shanghai City before and after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to provide a reference for scientific prevention and control of scarlet fever.Methods:The information of scarlet fever reported cases in Shanghai City from January 2016 to June 2021 in the information system of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control was collected, and the differences in time trend, regional distribution, age and gender distribution of cases before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Shanghai City were analyzed by descriptive epidemiologic method.Results:The incidence rate of scarlet fever reported in 2016-2019 was (0.22-4.02)/100 000 in each month, with a median of 1.13/100 000. During January 2020 (the outbreak began in Shanghai City) and June 2021, the incidence rate of scarlet fever was (0.01-1.64)/100 000, with a median of 0.14/100 000, which was 12.39% of that before the outbreak of COVID-19. During February and June 2020, the monthly reported incidence rate of scarlet fever was (0.18-0.58)/100 000, showing an upward trend compared with the same period in 2020 ((0.01-0.05)/100 000). From 2016 to 2019, the annual reported incidence rate of each district was (0.55-65.48)/100 000, with a median of 9.57/100 000; while in 2020, the annual reported incidence rate of each district was (0.29-9.85)/100 000, with a median of 2.18/100 000, which was 22.78% of that before the outbreak of COVID-19. The incidence of scarlet fever dropped significantly. The incidence rate in Minhang District was still the highest. The cases were mainly four to eight years old, and there was no substantial difference of the proportions before and after COVID-19 pandemic, with the incidence rate of six years old group the highest. The proportion of male was more than female in reported case, while the male ratio in reported cases was not significantly different before and after COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusions:The incidence rate of scarlet fever in Shanghai City has dropped sharply after COVID-19 pandemic. The main epidemiological characteristics of the regional and population distribution of cases remain unchanged.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effect of radiofrequency ablation treatment of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma under endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography on the cellular immune function of patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted on 78 patients with inoperable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma who visited Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital from October 2019 to January 2022. All of 78 patients underwent endoscopic radiofrequency ablation. Peripheral venous blood was collected from all patients at 1 day before treatment, 1 week after treatment and 1 month after treatment. Lymphocyte subsets were detected by flow cytometry, and levels of cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seventy-eight healthy subjects with the same age and gender as the patients were selected as healthy controls, and the same indicators were tested.Results:The patient's peripheral blood total bilirubin was (193±83) μmol/L at 1 day before treatment, and decreased to (55±49) μmol/L at 1 week after treatment ( t = 16.70, P < 0.001); γ-glutamyltransferase was (242±108) U/L at 1 day before treatment, and decreased to (92±70) U/L at 1 week after treatment ( t = 19.12, P < 0.001). The proportion of natural killer (NK) cells, CD3 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, ratio of CD4 + T cells to CD8 + T cells (CD4/CD8) and level of interferon γ (IFN-γ) of patients at 1 day before treatment were lower than those of healthy control group (all P < 0.05), the proportion of CD8 + T cells and regulatory T cells was higher than those of healthy control group (both P < 0.001), and there was no significant difference in the levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4) between the patients at 1 day before treatment and the healthy control group ( P = 0.545). At 1 week and 1 month after treatment, the proportion of NK cells, CD3 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, CD4/CD8 and IFN-γ level in patients increased compared with 1 day before treatment (all P < 0.001), and decreased at 1 month after treatment compared with 1 week after treatment (all P < 0.001). At 1 week and 1 month after treatment, the proportion of CD8 + T cells and IL-4 level in patients decreased compared with 1 day before treatment (both P < 0.001), and increased at 1 month after treatment compared with 1 week after treatment (both P < 0.001). At 1 week and 1 month after treatment, the proportion of regulatory T cells decreased compared with 1 day before treatment (both P < 0.001), and decreased at 1 month after treatment compared with 1 week after treatment ( P < 0.001). Conclusions:Patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma are at a low level of immunity. Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation treatment can alleviate the patient's immunosuppression, enhance the patient's cellular immunity.
ABSTRACT
Three-dimensional printing is a technology that prints the products layer-by-layer, in which materials are deposited according to the digital model designed by computer aided design (CAD) software. This technology has competitive advantages regarding product design complexity, product personalization, and on-demand manufacturing. The emergence of 3D technology provides innovative strategies and new ways to develop novel drug delivery systems. This review summarizes the application of 3D printing technologies in the pharmaceutical field, with an emphasis on the advantages of 3D printing technologies for achieving rapid drug delivery, personalized drug delivery, compound drug delivery and customized drug delivery. In addition, this article illustrates the limitations and challenges of 3D printing technologies in the field of pharmaceutical formulation development.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo analyze the effects of respiratory control measures before and after COVID-19 epidemic on influenza virus. MethodsThe percentage of influenza-like cases， the positive rate of influenza virus and the change of influenza outbreaks before and after the COVID-19 pandemic were compared and analyzed by selecting the data of influenza surveillance sentinel-points in Shanghai. ResultsThe percentage of influenza-like illness after the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 was significantly higher than that during the same period between 2017 and 2019. The positive rate of influenza virus detection in 2020 was significantly lower than the average rate of influenza virus detection from 2017 to 2019 with significant statistical difference （χ 2=2 359.07， P<0.001）. The number of outbreaks in 2020 was significantly lower than that from 2017 to 2019. ConclusionDuring the respiratory season， personal protection and reduction of human aggregation can effectively reduce the infection of influenza and the incidence of influenza in the population.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo analyze the effects of respiratory control measures before and after COVID-19 epidemic on influenza virus. MethodsThe percentage of influenza-like cases， the positive rate of influenza virus and the change of influenza outbreaks before and after the COVID-19 pandemic were compared and analyzed by selecting the data of influenza surveillance sentinel-points in Shanghai. ResultsThe percentage of influenza-like illness after the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 was significantly higher than that during the same period between 2017 and 2019. The positive rate of influenza virus detection in 2020 was significantly lower than the average rate of influenza virus detection from 2017 to 2019 with significant statistical difference （χ 2=2 359.07， P<0.001）. The number of outbreaks in 2020 was significantly lower than that from 2017 to 2019. ConclusionDuring the respiratory season， personal protection and reduction of human aggregation can effectively reduce the infection of influenza and the incidence of influenza in the population.
ABSTRACT
Under the guidance of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition), the functionality-related characteristics of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) type 2208 from imported A manufacturer, domestic S manufacturer, domestic T manufacturer and different batches of the same manufacturer were characterized. The principal component analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the functionality-related characteristics. The results were as follows: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose had no significant difference in viscosity and molecular weight distribution between different manufacturers, and there were significant differences in the cumulative particle size distribution of the sample reaches 50% (d50) and 90% (d90), bulk density, tap density and Carr's index. The HPMC from A manufacturer have the biggest inter-batch difference of particle size and their inter-batch difference of polydispersion coefficientis smaller than S manufacturer. Domestic manufactures have the largest inter-batch difference in other functionality-related characteristics. The three principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, and the variance contribution rate reached 89.44%, indicating that the extracted principal components can explain all the data well. By constructing a comprehensive evaluation model, the comprehensive score ranking of all HPMC samples is obtained: S manufacturer > A manufacturer > T manufacturer.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the association of study weariness with self compassion and problem behaviors among left behind adolescents, and to explore the moderating role of self compassion in this association.@*Methods@#By using convenient sampling method, 1 285 middle school students from two ordinary middle schools in a county of Dazhou City, Sichuan Province were selected, including 895 left behind adolescents. Study weariness, self compassion and problem behavior were assessed through questionnaire survey.@*Results@#The scores of self compassion and externalizing behaviors in boys were higher than that of girls, while the scores of internalizing behaviors of girls were higher than that of boys ( t =2.13, 1.98, -2.05, P <0.05); the scores of study weariness and internalizing behaviors among left behind adolescents were higher than those of non left behind adolescents, while the scores of self compassion of nonleft behind adolescents were higher than those of left behind adolescents ( t =2.01, 2.08, -1.99, P <0.05). The scores of externalizing behaviors among only one child and junior high school students were higher than that of non only one children and high school students, while the scores of internalization problem behaviors of high school students were higher than that of junior high school students ( t =1.95, 2.03, -2.02, P <0.05). There was a positive correlation between study weariness and problem behavior ( t =0.37， P <0.01), a negative correlation between self compassion and problem behavior ( t =-0.49， P < 0.01 ), and between study weariness and self compassin ( t =-0.46， P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#There is a positive correlation between study weariness and behaviral problems among left behind teenagers. The cultivation of self compassion ability of left behind teenagers should be encouraged and promoted.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the real prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infections in the freshwater fish in mainland China, so as to provide insights into clonorchiasis control and detection of freshwater fish. Methods All literatures reporting the prevalence of C. sinensis infections in the freshwater fish, the second intermediate host of the parasite, were jointly retrieved in Chinese and English electronic databases from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2020, including Wanfang Data, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library. All studies were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the quality of all enrolled literatures was evaluated. The pooled prevalence of C. sinensis infections in freshwater fish and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the software Stata version 15.0, and subgroup analyses were performed to investigate the region-, season- and sample source-specific pooled prevalence of C. sinensis infections in freshwater fish. In addition, the sensitivity and publication bias of all included studies were analyzed. Results A total of 40 eligible literatures were included in this study, including 37 Chinese literatures and 3 English literatures, and there were 10 high-quality literatures, 27 moderate-quality literatures and 3 low-quality literatures. A total of 53 species containing 37 959 freshwater fish were reported in these 40 studies, and 73.58% (39/53) of freshwater fish species were identified with C. sinensis infections. Meta-analysis showed 23.5% [95% CI: (0.19, 0.28)] pooled prevalence of C. sinensis infections in freshwater fish in mainland China, and subgroup analyses higher prevalence of C. sinensis infections in freshwater fish in northeastern China [35.7%, 95% CI: (0.22, 0.50)] than in central [25.9%, 95% CI: (0.04, 0.48)] and southern China [20.6%, 95% CI: (0.09, 0.32)], higher prevalence of C. sinensis infections in freshwater fish sampled in spring [44.1%, 95% CI: (0.35, 0.53)] than in autumn [6.7%, 95% CI: (0.05, 0.08)] and summer [3.3%, 95% CI: (−0.01, 0.07)], and higher prevalence of C. sinensis infections in freshwater fish sampled from natural water [25.2%, 95% CI: (0.17, 0.33)] than from retail trades [22.2%, 95% CI: (0.17, 0.28)] and breeding chain [12.3%, 95% CI: (0.03, 0.22)]. However, all included studies had a publication bias with a low sensitivity. Conclusions The prevalence of C. sinensis infections is high in freshwater fish in mainland China, and there are still challenges for clonorchiasis control. Reinforcement of health education, diagnostics development and food safety supervision is recommended in future clonorchiasis control programs.